The August Revolution ( Russian ) Essay - 1527 Words

The February Revolution (Russian: Ð ¤Ã µÃ ²Ã'€Ð °ÃŒ Ã »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'ŽÌ Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' ; IPA: [fÊ ²Ã‰ ªvˈralÊ ²skÉ™jÉ™ rÊ ²Ã‰ ªvÉ Ã‹Ë†lÊ ²utsÉ ¨jÉ™], known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution[2]) was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was centered on Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg), then Russian capital, on Women s Day in March (late February in the Julian calendar).[3] The revolution was confined to the capital and its vicinity, and lasted less than a week. It involved mass demonstrations and armed clashes with police and gendarmes, the last loyal forces of the Russian monarchy. In the last days, mutinous Russian Army forces sided with the revolutionaries. The immediate result of the revolution was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of the Romanov dynasty, and the end of the Russian Empire. The Tsar was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government under Pri nce Georgy Lvov. The Provisional Government was an alliance between liberals and socialists who wanted political reform. They set up a democratically-elected executive and constituent assembly. At the same time, socialists also formed the Petrograd Soviet, which ruled alongside the Provisional Government, an arrangement termed Dual Power. This revolution appeared to break out spontaneously, without any real leadership or formal planning. Russia had been suffering from a number of economic and social problems, which were compounded by the impact of World War I. Bread rioters and industrial strikers wereShow MoreRelatedUkraine Independence Day Of Ukraine1387 Words   |  6 Pages David Xue Honors European History Period 1 12/22/2015 Ukraine Independence Day – August 24 The celebrations of the Independence day of Ukraine are underway across Ukraine. People set up their own Ukrainian â€Å"fireworks†, which are dances, parades and singing. 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The Impact of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries Free Essays

string(83) " firms now hire and fire much more freely, making labor incomes more pro-cyclical\." The amount of information on the effects of down sizing on manufacturing was not plentiful, however one main point that flows through all of the articles is that even though down sizing may be done to help a company it can end up hurting them in the long run. In the paragraphs to follow we look at the effects that downsizing has on people and companies as well as look at whether or not downsizing is truly the answer. Parker (2003)Reports that in 2003 the expected job losses among the manufacturing industries in Great Britain would create the effects of rising input costs and oil price increase on the job cuts; Downturn of the purchasing managers’ index for manufacturing; Decrease in the rate of manufacturer’s orders. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries or any similar topic only for you Order Now So even though these cuts may be necessary he pointed out that it would have an overall negative effect. The Midwest may be the focus of manufacturing layoffs and financial woes(Link, 2005), but according to this survey, people who live in the area of the country that includes Cleveland and Detroit in the low- to moderate-income lax bracket are using less of their income to pay for housing than other areas of the country. The study, dubbed the Housing Landscape for America’s working Families 2005, revealed that from 1997 to 2003 the number of America’s working class who spend more than half of their income on housing leaped from 2. million to 4. 2 million. The study also revealed that immigrant families are 75% more likely to use more of their income to pay for housing than American-born citizens. Across the country there are 14 million people that spend too much of their income 10 pay for housing. About 35% of that group is low- to moderate-income families. In 2003, the critical housing need for the Midwest totaled 8. 7% of residents while the West Coast had a need among I6. 89 (of its residents. The South followed the Midwest for a lower critical housing need with 9. % while the Northeast trailed California with a need among 14. 2% of its residents (Link, 2005). (Palley, 1999) Reported that given the dismal economic performance that marked the period from 1990 to 1995, when downsizing was widespread, inequality widened, and real wages fell, the subsequent U-turn in performance has been completely unexpected. Moreover, it has been cause for further surprise that the economy has continued to prosper despite the East Asian financial crisis, which destabilized global financial markets, undermined U. S. exports, and unleashed a surge in U. S. imports. A second source of uncertainty (Palley, 1999) concerns the sustainability of the growth of personal consumption spending, which had been the principal engine of economic expansion in the past two years. In 1997, personal consumption expenditure contributed 59 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and in 1998 it contributed 85 percent. Meanwhile, in 1997 and 1998 nominal personal consumption expenditures grew 5. 3 percent and 5. 7 percent, respectively, while nominal disposable income grew only 4. 7 percent and 4. 0 percent. From the Federal Reserve’s perspective, this pattern is not sustainable since consumption is growing faster than potential output, which implies that the economy will eventually hit an inflationary wall. An alternative interpretation is that such growth is not sustainable because households must inevitably run short of financial wherewithal, and when this happens, an economic decline will ensue. According to this view, recession rather than inflation is the danger. A last scenario concerns the possibility of a full-scale crash or economic depression. Such an outcome is the least likely of the three scenarios, but it is still more likely than it used to be. In the 1960s and 1970s, the possibility of an economic depression was truly far removed. However, in the 1990s such a notion has surfaced as plausible, even if unlikely. Recent events in the global economy have added further credibility to this possibility. One reason a crash has become more likely is that many of the factors precipitating a hard landing are already in place, which means that many of them could be realized simultaneously. Indeed, many of these factors are linked in trip-wire fashion so that if one occurs, it triggers another. Thus a Federal Reserve-induced increase in interest rates could trigger a stock market crash, and this could then trigger an end to the spending boom. It could also trigger renewal of global financial instability. Similarly, a renewal of global financial instability could become the event that bursts the stock market bubble. Alternatively, a realization that the existing U. S. urrent-account trajectory is unsustainable could trigger a foreign exchange crisis that would renew global financial market instability, trigger a stock market crash, or evoke a Federal Reserve rate hike to protect the exchange rate and guard against imported inflation. Finally, if the economic expansion begins to flag of old age, overoptimistic projections of corporate profitability could pop, triggering a stock market crash. Also, a flagging economy could renew global financial turmoil by ending the U. S. conomy’s role as buyer of last resort, thereby undermining the rest of the world’s economic recovery, which rests significantly on export-led growth. However, it is not just this interconnectedness of negative factors that lies behind the increased plausibility of a crash. A second and more important factor concerns changes in the structure of the domestic and global economy that have diminished the presence of â€Å"automatic stabilizers† and replaced them with â€Å"automatic destabilizers. â€Å"These destabilizers work in a pro-cyclical fashion. On the cyclical upswing they make for stronger and longer expansions, but on the downswing they make for deeper and more sustained contractions. One important change concerns patterns of employment and remuneration. In earlier business cycles, labor hoarding was a common practice–firms held on to workers through downturns in order to retain their skills and avoid future hiring costs. However, the changed pattern of the employment relationship means that firms now hire and fire much more freely, making labor incomes more pro-cyclical. You read "The Impact of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries" in category "Essay examples" It is also the case, especially in manufacturing, that overtime has become more important as firms have sought to save on employment costs by extending hours rather than hiring new personnel. Wage income is therefore more vulnerable to downturns since hours can quickly be cut back in a downturn. Finally, casual evidence suggests that there may have been an increase in the use of incentive pay, with greater reliance on stock options and profit-related bonuses. In a downturn these forms of pay are likely to fall off rapidly, contributing to a larger decline in household income and spending. In sum, the above labor market developments all make wage income more procyclical, thereby increasing the pro-cyclicality of demand (Palley, 1999). Another development concerns the general flexibility of wages. In the period from 1950 to 1980, recessions were characterized by a decline in the rate of increase in nominal wages. However, the important point is that wages still rose in recession. The recessions of 1981-1982 and 1990-1991 suggest that a new pattern may have emerged. Now not only does the rate of wage inflation slow, but nominal wages can fall. This is a very important development when it is considered in conjunction with the new debt-driven business cycle. The ability to repay consumer debt depends on the nominal value of income. In a recession the value of debts remains unchanged, but now wage incomes may show a tendency to fall. This will tend to increase debt burdens and raise the prevalence of bankruptcy, thereby deepening recessions. Just as developments in labor markets have contributed to the emergence of automatic destabilizers, so have developments in financial markets. Households now have significantly increased access to credit. In particular, households are able to borrow more heavily against their assets, thereby increasing their ratio of debt to income. Home equity loans are the most prominent example. Another is the ability to borrow on margin against stock holdings. These innovations and their spread give the economy a strong pro-cyclical impulse, but they also generate greater financial fragility. Thus, in upswings when asset prices and wages are rising, households borrow more and spend more, thereby lengthening the cycle. However, when the downswing occurs, households are now saddled with greater indebtedness and may also be subject to margin calls. This worsens the downturn and may contribute to even greater stock market corrections (Palley, 1999). The shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension plans is another automatic destabilize. First, households are able to borrow against these contributions. Second, these plans may change household consumption and saving behavior since each month they receive statements showing how the value of their pension holdings has increased. Thus, as stock market prices rise, households cut back on saving and increase consumption, while some households borrow against their appreciated 401(k) accounts. However, stock prices are likely to fall in a recession, while the incurred debts will remain unchanged. At that time, households will have larger debts and reduced holdings of liquid assets. Finally, it is worth noting that prices in the stock market may have been at bubble levels for more than three years; recall that Chairman Greenspan gave his â€Å"irrational exuberance† warning back in 1996. This means that a considerable amount of borrowing and spending has taken place on the basis of these bubble prices, so the bubble may be deeply embedded in the balance sheets of agents. This means that a market correction is likely to be all the more severe. In effect, the size of the negative impact of an asset price bubble is positively related to the duration of the price bubble. Accompanying these changes in the domestic economy have been changes in the global economy that have contributed to the emergence of international automatic destabilizes. One change is the increased degree of international financial capital mobility. When a country’s financial markets begin to fall, it is easier for asset holders to exit, thereby creating a larger stampede for the exit. Foreign holders have an incentive to exit to protect the domestic-currency value of their holdings, and they now have a larger impact because of their increased holdings. Domestic holders are also more likely to exit because of reduced transaction costs and the increased sophistication of financial markets. They recognize that exit is the way to maximize the dollar value of portfolios when the dollar is under pressure. A second development is the increased international integration of goods markets. In theoretical terms, the foreign trade expenditure multiplier has become larger, which means that economic activity across countries has become more connected, making for greater amplitude in the world business cycle. In the 1950s and 1960s it was said that when the U. S. economy sneezes, the world economy catches a cold. Globalization of goods markets may have created a situation in which the U. S. economy sneezes and the world economy catches pneumonia. In this study (Wertheim, 2004), has developed a hypothesis which combines the effects of both economic impact and pre-disclosure information with the financial distress and potential benefit hypotheses developed in prior research in corporate downsizing. Instead of offering that these two hypotheses as competing and mutually exclusive, evidence are provided that supports the conclusion that these hypotheses simultaneously explain concurrent and additive effects on the stock price reaction to announcements of company layoffs. Finally, results indicate that the relationship between economic impact, pre-disclosure information and stock price reaction to layoff announcements depends on the relative dominance of the signals provided by the layoff about both financial distress and potential benefit. (Palley, 1999)stated that for policymakers at the Federal Reserve, the goal is a soft landing, though some (those who continue to believe in the natural rate of unemployment) think a bumpy landing is desirable since they believe that the unemployment rate is now below the natural rate. Thus not only is the economy expanding more rapidly than potential output, but the level of output already exceeds the level of potential output. Consequently, not only must the rate of output growth decrease, but the rate of unemployment must also rise back to the natural rate in order to avoid accelerating inflation. Since around 1980, there has been a determined drive to downsize American organizations (Budros, 1999) and there currently is no end in sight to this movement, even though studies underscore its technical-economic and human dysfunctions. This situation indicates a need to consider why organizations downsize in the first place, yet the shortcomings of the scholarly literature on this issue are conspicuous (Budros 1997). Therefore, in that paper he offered some systematic thoughts on the causes of downsizing. He developed a conceptual framework for exploring organizational innovation that features two under explored dimensions associated with this phenomenon, the basis of organizational action (rational versus irrational) and social context (organizational versus extra-organizational). He then portrayed downsizing as an organizational innovation and identified factors that lead organizations to downsize. (Palley, 1999) suggests that there are three possible future paths–a soft landing, a hard landing, and a crash. A soft or hard landing is by far the more likely outcome, but, that said, it is possible to imagine conditions in which a crash will occur. Japan’s prolonged hard landing, East Asia’s economic crisis, and the October 1998 near-meltdown of global financial markets have all added plausibility to such an outcome. A soft landing has the rate of output growth gradually slow to a level consistent with potential output growth. According to current consensus thinking, this potential rate of growth is somewhere between 2 and 2. 5 percent, though New Economy optimists claim it to be as high as 3 percent. A bumpier version of the soft landing (a. k. a. growth recession) has the rate of output growth slowing below potential but growth still remaining positive. Under this scenario, unemployment rises but the economy avoids a formal recession since output continues to grow. A hard landing has the decline in output growth such that it turns negative so that the economy is pushed into recession and unemployment rises even more. Finally, a crash involves a collapse in the rate of output growth, so that the economy enters a deep recession that may even border on a depression (Palley, 1999). The use of an organizational innovation framework to examine downsizing clearly has shed light on this phenomenon (Budros, 1999), revealing that organizations may make people cuts in response to rational organizational, rational extra organizational, irrational organizational, and irrational extra organizational processes. Of particular interest is the realization that scholars have focused almost exclusively on rational (organizational and extra-organizational) causes of downsizing, neglecting the role irrational forces may play in work force reductions. Perhaps this situation prevails because of the longstanding inclination among scholars to view organizations as efficiency-minded social actors. But if we are to develop a complete understanding of downsizing, then we must evaluate the impact of rational and irrational factors on this practice. This research investigates organizational practices in downsizing after a restructure and the effects of these practices on an organization and its employees (Labib, 1993), in particular, and on other stakeholders in general. Findings indicated that it is not downsizing that causes negative effects on both terminated and surviving employees, but rather the human resources practices used to implement downsizing; such as advance notification, method of termination, and amount and type of post-termination assistance given. This research further found that organizations often do not achieve their strategic goals after downsizing because they do not adjust their work processes and their human resource management practices to the new size and structure of the organization. Based on the literature review, a process model for the development and implementation of downsizing plans is proposed. The model is designed to provide a guide to be used by organizations when downsizing to ensure that the interests of all stakeholders are taken into account. The proposed model is tested through a field research in the form of case studies of five major organizations in Canada. The actual practices of these organizations are outlined and compared to the proposed process model, both collectively and individually. The differences are then analyzed and a new revised model is proposed that emphasizes, not only the downsizing process itself, but also what organizations must do during and after downsizing to ensure that employees’ needs are met and that the new strategic goals that prompted the downsizing are achieved. Two conclusions are drawn from this research. The first is that downsizing, if it is necessary, must be undertaken in a way that would cause the least amount of pain to those affected which is the ethical responsibility of good corporate citizenship. The second conclusion is that downsizing, in itself, is not enough to ensure increased profitability and goal attainment, but rather, it is how the organization functions afterward that will indicate whether or not the downsizing was a good or bad thing(Labib). The topic of off shoring generates extreme differences of opinion among policy makers, business executives, and thought leaders. Some have argued that nearly all service jobs will eventually move from developed economies to low-wage ones. Others say that rising wages in cities such as Bangalore and Prague indicate that the supply of offshore talent is already running thin. To a large extent, these disagreements reflect the confusion surrounding the newly integrating and still inefficient global labor market. Much as technology change is making it possible to integrate global capital markets into a single market for savings and investment, so digital communications are giving rise to what is, in effect, a single global market for those jobs that can now, thanks to IT, be performed remotely from customers and colleagues. The newly integrating nature of this global labor market has strategic and tactical implications for companies and countries alike. Information and insight about it are sparse, however, and executives and policy makers have little of either for making the decisions they face. To provide help for governments and companies in both high- and low-wage economies, the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) analyzed the potential availability of offshore talent in 2. 8 low-wage nations and the likely demand for it in service jobs across eight of the developed world’s sectors (chosen as a representative cross-section of the global economy): automotive (service jobs only), financial services, health care, insurance, IT services, packaged software, pharmaceuticals (service jobs only), and retailing. These sectors provide about 23 percent of the nonagricultural jobs in developed countries. The study, which projects trends to 2008, aims to assess the dynamics of supply and demand for offshore service talent at the occupational, sectoral, and global level and thus the likely impact on both employment and wages in the years ahead. MGI’s analysis provides a panoramic view of the off shoring of services, as well as a number of useful conclusions, including: Off shoring will probably continue to create a relatively small global labor market – one that threatens no sudden discontinuities in overall levels of employment and wages in developed countries. Demand for offshore labor by companies in the developed world will increasingly push up wage rates for some occupations in low-wage countries, but not as high as current wage levels for those occupations in developed ones. Potential global supply and likely demand for offshore talent are matched inefficiently, with demand outstripping supply in some locations and supply outstripping demand in others. The more efficiently the emerging global labor market functions, of course, the more value it will create for its participants by allocating resources more economically. Both companies and countries can take specific measures to raise its efficiency in clearing demand and supply. Broadly speaking, a suitably qualified person anywhere in the world could undertake any task that requires neither substantial local knowledge nor physical or complex interaction between an employee and customers or colleagues. Using these criteria, we estimate that 11 percent of service jobs around the world could be carried out remotely. Of course, some sectors provide an unusually large number of such jobs. As a rule, industries with more customer-facing functions have less potential in this respect. Consequently, the retailing sector, in which the vast majority of employees work in stores, could offshore only 3 percent of its jobs by 2008. Yet because retailing is such a huge employer around the world, this would be equivalent to 4,900,000 positions. In contrast, by 2008 it will be possible to undertake remotely almost half of all jobs in the packaged-software industry, but in this far less labor-intensive business, that represents only 340,000 positions. Some occupations also are more amenable than others to remote employment. The most amenable to it are engineering, on the one hand, and finance and accounting, on the other (52 percent and 31 percent, respectively). The work of generalist and support staff is much less amenable (9 percent and 3 percent, respectively), because those workers interact with their customers or colleagues extensively. But generalists and support workers permeate every industry and therefore provide the highest absolute number of jobs that remote talent could fill: a total of 26,000,000. In practice, just a small fraction of the jobs that could go offshore actually will. Today, around 565,000 service jobs in the eight sectors we evaluated have been off shored to low-wage countries. By 2008, that number will grow to 1,200,000. Extrapolating these numbers to the entire global economy, we estimate that total offshore employment will grow from 1,500,000 jobs in 2003 to 4,100,000 in 2008 – just 1 percent of the total number of service jobs in developed countries. To put this number in perspective (in what is, to be sure, not a direct comparison), consider the fact that an average of 4,600,000 people in the United States started work with new employers every month in the year ending March 2005. Why is the gap between the potential and actual number of jobs moving offshore so large? Many observers think that regulatory barriers stand in the way, but MGI interviews indicate that company-specific considerations (such as management attitudes, organizational structure, and scale) are generally more powerful deterrents. Companies cite cost pressures as the main incentive to hire offshore labor, for example, but the strength of cost pressures varies by sector. Many companies lack sufficient scale to justify the costs of off shoring. Others find that the functions they could offshore in theory must actually stay where they are because their internal processes are so complex. Often, managers are wary of overseeing units on the other side of the world or unwilling to take on the burden of extra travel. On the supply side, developing countries produce far fewer graduates suitable for employment by multinational companies than the raw numbers might suggest. Nonetheless, the potential supply of appropriate workers is large and growing fast, and some small countries boast surprisingly large numbers of them. How to cite The Impact of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries, Essay examples

Professional Media WorkshopPR Strategy and Tactics

Question: Discuss about The Professional Media Workshop for PR Strategy and Tactics. Answer: Strategy and tactics, the right and left hands of PR The public relations officer (PR officer) is considered the flag-bearer of an organization (Dozier, Grunig and Grunig 2013). The reputation of a company lies in the hands of the people who are given the designation of PR. Increasing the brightness of the company and hiding the dullness of the company is the main responsibility of the PR. A PR should be aware of the happenings that are taking place in every corner of the organization so that any tough situation can be dealt easily (Culbertson and Chen 2013). At times, it can be seen that the PR possess more information than the annual report that is published in the online sites. Only a PR will be able to tell about the meaning of PR and how it is used in the society. People use certain theories for their own benefit and at times, the gadgets replace the human talks and relations. PR can be helpful in making the society realize the shortcomings. 1. Basketball player chose the proper media source as the PR. Instead of announcing in a bigger manner, he wore the jersey of the team, he will be playing in (Comcowich 2014). 2. Facebook at times becomes addiction and harms the company productivity. They indulge themselves in the sites and overlook the duties they are ought to perform. 3. The main of the celebrities is to highlight themselves and become their own PR. However, in the course, they forget that the two-step flow theory that they use is for the actual information to flow and not the news that will make them popular. At times, the desperate reached certain level that the celebrities make use of the theory to publicize unpopular news just to stay in the news. 4. The main problem is that the millennial generation does not understand the text cannot replace the expressions that they could share if they converse face-to-face. The communication becomes technical like the gadgets. 5. Good name in the competitive market is also necessary to stay afloat in the market of competition. The investments would have helped them in paying lesser amount of tax to the government. However, these kinds of activities should be stopped and the real face of such defaulters needed to be exposed in front of the public. Nigerian Delta Development Corporation has promised to finance the water system of the place(st-andrews.ac.uk 2016). They have been successfully able to finance a polluted stream, where the people have to go to fetch water through the main road with potholes. A perfect PR is able to highlight the exact problem of the organization if the person is acting for a different organization. In the present write-up, the PR is able to highlight the problems of the different aspects of the society. The highlight will be helpful for the people living in the society as they will take extra care before taking any step or trusting any organization. However, it will be bad PR for the organization but the customer will get the correct news. References Behind the mask The real face of corporate social responsibility. (2016). 1st ed. [ebook] Christian Aid. Available at: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/csear/app2practice-docs/CSEAR_behind-the-mask.pdf [Accessed 25 Jun. 2016]. Comcowich, W. (2014). 5 PR Lessons That Celebrities Taught Us. [online] CyberAlert Blog. Available at: https://www.cyberalert.com/blog/index.php/5-pr-lessons-that-celebrities-taught-us/ [Accessed 26 Jun. 2016]. Culbertson, H.M. and Chen, N., 2013.International public relations: A comparative analysis. Routledge. Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A. and Grunig, J.E., 2013.Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge.

Wilhelm Richard Wagner “Tannhäuser and the Song Contest on the Wartburg” Essay Example

Wilhelm Richard Wagner: â€Å"Tannhà ¤user and the Song Contest on the Wartburg† Essay At his death at the age of seventy, Leipzig-born Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was the acknowledged titan of operatic composition, the international monarch of musical innovation, and the most controversial composer ever to have appeared on the musical scene. Despite a life fraught with severe personal anxieties, a life buffeted by political and social upheavals, a life marked by continuous frustration in his artistic endeavors, Wagner fashioned an art form that advanced to the fore and permanently altered the thinking of creative and intellectual minds the world over (Henderson 14). The totality of design, content, format, structure, and execution in his musico-dramatic works was highly regarded in his own day and has remained an ever-present archetype and template that, in the modern era, continues to shape and flavor much of the creative work produced in the musico-theatrical world.If, however, Wagner realized both national and international fame during his lifetime, that suc cess was hard earned. The professional attacks upon him as an artist and the deep bitterness against him as a man were continuous and formidable. As a theorist on matters of drama and music, as a dramatist, and as a composer, he was vigorously vilified. His ideas on art, and later the works that exemplified his thoughts, were made the brunt of much ridicule and scorn by a significant cadre of critics, scholars, and artists. At the same time, his chaotic personal life, his ego-centered character, and his aggressive, often abrasive personality inspired social rejection, even unbridled hatred, in many with whom he came in contact. This multitude of detractors included individuals from the artistic, academic, business, political, social, and religious communities and, within each of these sectors, persons of all measures of knowledge, talent, and skill (Henderson, Newman).Despite this hectic and tumultuous life, which often brought Wagner to the last stages of mental and physical desper ation, his genius could not be denied. No one of his creative order ever before had made his way into public view. It was inevitable that his stamp was to be felt directly and indirectly throughout Western culture by those of all persuasions, even by those constantly in pursuit of his defeat (Newman 309).One of the greatest contributions that Wagner made to music was the tremendous development and perfection of the use of leading motives, more exactly known as leit motifs (Newman 369). Although he did not invent this technique, for it was known long before; but he did perfect its use almost to the point of exhaustion of its possibilities. The typical example of this thechnique, which is a large part of Wagners style of composition, is the Tannhà ¤user Overture.Before composing the Tannhà ¤user, Wagner was seeking the legend as source material for a dramatic poem. He turned to the many tales of his own land, to those of wholly German origin (Williams 43). Within six months of the c ompletion of Hollander, Wagner had begun the prose sketch of the poem in which he would join two popular but unrelated tales into a single story: the medieval legend of Dannheuser (Tannhà ¤user), the minnesinger who sojourns with Venus in her grotto in the Hà ¶rselberg, and the account of the great song tournaments that were held in the thirteenth century, in the castle of the Landgraves of Thuringia that had been built on the Wartburg, a hill that overlooked the city of Eisenach. Wagner first entitled his poem, which he completed in April 1843, Der Venusberg, but after some reflection on that title (literally, Mount Venus or mons veneris, mons pubis) Wagner changed it to that by which the work is known today, Tannhà ¤user und der Sà ¤ngerkrieg auf Wartburg (Tannhà ¤user and the Song Contest on the Wartburg). This grand romantic opera, whose score was completed in April 1845, concerned Tannhà ¤users life with Venus, his participation in one of the song contests at the Wartburg Castle, and subsequently, his repudiation of his worldly existence, his forgiveness, and his death (Bekker and Bozman 134-136).The Overture to Tannhà ¤user when heard in the opera house provides an appropriate introduction to the drama. When heard as is much more often the case apart from the opera, it is an exciting symphonic poem built around the inner conflict within the hero of the drama (Williams 43). As with much program music, knowledge of the drama is an aid to the fullest appreciation of the score.The knight Tannhà ¤user is torn between his love for Elisabeth, who represents all that is best in his nature, and the pagan goddess Venus. Surfeited with the goddess sensuous rites and revels, he tears himself away from her and returns to the world of mortals. The second act centers about the Tournament of Song in Wartburg, the Thuringian castle of Elisabeths uncle, in which each of the knightly minstrels sings in praise of love. When his turn comes, Tannhà ¤user, under the spell of the goddess, mocks the spiritual conception of love and sings the Hymn to Venus, a passionate dithyramb on the pleasures of voluptuous love. Finally realizing the depravity of his soul, he undertakes a pilgrimage to Rome to do penance. But the Pope, shocked at the enormity of his sins, tells him there is as much chance for his soul to win salvation as for his withered pilgrims staff to sprout leaves. Tannhà ¤user, returning home in deepest despair, is on the verge of giving himself over to Venus and eternal perdition; but the faith of Elisabeth, who dies with a prayer for him on her lips, recalls him to his better self and saves him. As he falls dead on her bier, the pilgrims returning from Rome bring news of a miracle: Tannhà ¤users staff has sprouted leaves, and the sinner has won salvation through the steadfast love and sacrifice of Elisabeth (Millington 59-64).As Wagner worked on Tannhà ¤user, he became even more aware that legend greatly appealed to his artistic an d creative instincts. The dramatic and musical liberty he had sensed during the preparation of Der fliegende Hollà ¤nder and the greater awareness of that independence that came with Tannhà ¤user aroused in him something more than simple artistic curiosity. His theatrical mind, combined with a natural inclination toward matters of a national flavor, spurred him to learn more of the popular foundations of his culture. His attention turned to Geschichte der poetischen Nationalliteratur der Deutschen (History of German National Poetry) (1835-1842) by Georg Gottfried Gervinus (1805-1871), a work that was to lay before him a necessary literary perspective. At the same time, he began a study of Jakob Grimms monumental work on German mythology, Deutsche Mythologie (1835), a work that was to influence him greatly in the choice of subject matter for his subsequent dramas (Williams 45-49).A study of Wagners music reveals that during the composition of his early works he was exploring the te chniques of musical phrases and themes. This experimentation can easily be noted by listening carefully to Wagners operas in the chronological order of their composition. In his first works Wagner developed musical fragments that essentially were merely leitmotifs of identification, usually that of the principal figures in a drama. He used these themes sparingly, and they were incorporated into the musical text at the appropriate points of the dramas only when their appearance did not detract from an even flow of the main body of the music. By 1845, Wagner completed the Tannhà ¤user, and begun to envision in the leitmotif something even more than a simple musical tag of identification (Dahlhaus 227-34).

Coordinating Words, Phrases and Clauses in English

Coordinating Words, Phrases and Clauses in English When we coordinate things, whether were talking about our schedules or our clothing, we make connections or, as the dictionary says in a more fanciful way, bring things together in a common and harmonious action. The same idea applies when we talk about coordination in grammar. A common way to connect related words, phrases, and even entire clauses is to coordinate them that is, connect them with a coordinating conjunction such as and or but.  The following short paragraph from Ernest Hemingways Another Country contains several coordinated words, phrases, and clauses. We were all at the hospital every afternoon, and there were different ways of walking across the town through the dusk to the hospital. Two of the ways were alongside canals, but they were long. Always, though, you crossed a bridge across a canal to enter the hospital. There was a choice of three bridges. On one of them a woman sold roasted chestnuts. It was warm, standing in front of her charcoal fire, and the chestnuts were warm afterward in your pocket. The hospital was very old and very beautiful, and you entered through a gate and walked across a courtyard and out a gate on the other side. In most of his novels and short stories, Hemingway relies heavily (some readers might say too heavily) on such basic conjunctions as and and but. The other coordinating conjunctions are yet, or, nor, for, and so. Paired Conjunctions Similar to these basic conjunctions are the following paired conjunctions (sometimes called correlative conjunctions): both . . . andeither . . . orneither . . . nornot . . . butnot . . . nornot only . . . but (also)whether . . . or The paired conjunctions serve to emphasize the words being connected. Lets see how these correlative conjunctions work. First, consider the following simple sentence, which contains two nouns joined by and: Martha and Gus have gone to Buffalo. We can rewrite this sentence with paired conjunctions to emphasize the two nouns: Both Martha and Gus have gone to Buffalo. We often use the basic coordinating conjunctions and paired conjunctions in our writing to connect related ideas. Punctuation Tips: Using Commas with Conjunctions When just two words or phrases are joined by a conjunction, no comma is needed: Nurses in uniforms and in peasant costumes walked under the trees with the children. However, when two or more items are listed before a conjunction, those items should be separated by commas: Nurses in uniforms, peasant costumes, and worn frocks walked under the trees with the children.* Similarly, when two complete sentences (called main clauses) are joined by a conjunction, we should generally place a comma before the conjunction: The tides advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, and the level of the sea itself is never at rest. Although no comma is needed before the and that joins the verbs advance and retreat, we do need to place a comma before the second and, which joins two main clauses. * Note that the comma after the second item in the series (costumes) is optional. This use of the comma is called the serial comma.

Uncle Toms Cabin Quotes

Uncle Toms Cabin Quotes Uncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is as famous as it is controversial. The book helped to flare up feelings for the slaves in the South, but some of the stereotypes have not been appreciated by some readers in more recent years. Whatever your opinion about Stowes romantic novel, the work is a class in American literature. Here are a few quotes from the book. Quotations Yes Eliza, its all misery, misery, misery! My life is bitter as wormwood; the very life is burning out of me. Im a poor, miserable, forlorn drudge; I shall only drag you down with me, thats all. Whats the use of our trying to do anything, trying to know anything, trying to be anything? Whats the use of living? I wish I was dead!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 2This is Gods curse on slavery!a bitter, bitter, most accursed thing!a curse to the master and a curse to the slave! I was a fool to think I could make anything good out of such a deadly evil.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 5If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold. I spose I can bar it as well as any on em.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 5The huge green fragment of ice on which she alighted pitched and creaked as her weight came on it, but she staid there not a moment. With wild cries and desperate energy she leaped to another and still another cake;stumblingleapingslippingspringing upwards again! Her shoes are goneher stocking cut from her feetwhile blood marked every step; but she saw nothing, felt nothing, till dimly, as in a dream, she saw the Ohio side, and a man helping her up the bank.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 7 You ought to be ashamed, John! Poor, homeless, houseless creatures! Its a shameful, wicked, abominable law, and Ill break it, for one, the first time I get a chance; and I hope I shall have a chance, I do! Things have got to a pretty pass, if a woman cant give a warm supper and a bed to poor, starving creatures, just because they are slaves, and have been abused and oppressed all their lives, poor things!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 9I have lost two, one after another,left em buried there when I came away; and I had only this one left. I never slept a night without him; he was all I had. He was my comfort and pride, day and night; and, maam, they were going to take him away from me,to sell him,sell him down south, maam, to go all alone,a baby that had never been away from his mother in his life!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 9Her form was the perfection of childish beauty, without its usual chubbiness and squareness of outline. There was about it an undulating and aerial grace, such as one might dream of for some mythic and allegorical being. Her face was remarkable less for its perfect beauty of feature than for a singular and dreamy earnestness of expression, which made the ideal start when they looked at her, and by which the dullest and most literal were impressed, without exactly knowing why.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 14 We dont own your laws; we dont own your country; we stand here as free, under Gods sky, as you are; and, by the great God that made us, well fight for our liberty till we die.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 17I looks like gwine to heaven, ant thar where white folks is gwine? Spose theyd have me thar? Id rather go to torment, and get away from Masr and Missis. I had so.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 18When I have been travel ling up and down on our boats, or about on my collecting tours, and reflected that every brutal, disgusting, mean, low-lived fellow I met, was allowed by our laws to become absolute despot of as many men, women and children, as he could cheat, steal, or gamble money enough to buy,when I have seen such men in actual ownership of helpless children, of young girls and women,I have been ready to curse my country, to curse the human race!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 19One thing is certain,that there is a mustering among the masses, the world over; and there is a dis irae coming on, sooner or later. The same thing is working in Europe, in England, and in this country. My mother used to tell me of a millennium that was coming, when Christ should reign, and all men should be free and happy. And she taught me, when I was a boy, to pray, Thy kingdom come. Sometimes I think all this sighing, and groaning, and stirring among the dry bones foretells what she used to tell me was coming. But who may abide the day of His appearing?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 19 Im going there, to the spirits bright, Tom; Im going, before long.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 22There, you impudent dog! Now will you learn not to answer back when I speak to you? Take the horse back, and clean him properly. Ill teach you your place!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 23Its jest no use tryin to keep Miss Eva here. Shes got the Lords mark on her forehead.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 24O, thats what troubles me, papa. You want me to live so happy, and never have any pain,never suffer anything,not even hear a sad story, when other poor creatures have nothing but pain and sorrow, all their lives;it seems selfish. I ought to know such things, I ought to feel about them! Such things always sunk into my heart; they went down deep; Ive thought and thought about them. Papa, isnt there any way to have all slaves made free?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 24I told you, Cousin, that youd find out that these creatures cant be brought up without severity. If I had my way, now, Id send that child out, and have her thoroughly whipped; Id have her whipped till she couldnt stand!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 25 No; she cant bar me, cause Im a nigger!shed s soon have a toad touch her! There cant nobody love niggers, and niggers cant do nothin! I dont care.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 25O, Topsy, poor child, I love you! I love you, because you havent had any father, or mother, or friends;because youve been a poor, abused child! I love you, and I want you to be good. I am very unwell, Topsy, and I think I shant live a great while; and it really grieves me, to have you be so naughty. I wish you would try to be good, for my sake;its only a little while I shall be with you.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 25Topsy, you poor child, dont give up! I can love you, though I am not like that dear little child. I hope Ive learnt something of the love of Christ from her. I can love you; I do, and Ill try to help you to grow up a good Christian girl.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 27Delicacy! A fine word for such as she! Ill teach her, with all her airs, that shes no better than the raggedest black wench that walks the streets! Shell take no more airs with me!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 29 Now, Im principled against emancipating, in any case. Keep a negro under the care of a master, and he does well enough, and is respectable; but set them free, and they get lazy, and wont work, and take to drinking, and go all down to be mean, worthless fellows. Ive seen it tried, hundreds of times. Its no favor to set them free.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 29Im your church now!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 31Here, you rascal, you make believe to be so pious,didnt you never hear, out of your Bible, Servants, obey yer masters? Ant I yer master? Didnt I pay down twelve hundred dollars, cash, for all there is inside yer old cussed black shell? Ant yer mine, now, body and soul?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 33Poor critturs! What made em cruel?and, if I give out, I shall get used to t, and grow, little by little, just like em! No, no, Missis! Ive lost everything,wife and children, and home, and a kind Masr,and he would have set me free, if hed only lived a week longer; Ive lost everything in this world, and its clean gone, forever,and now I cant lose Heaven, too; no, I cant get to be wicked, besides all!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 34 When I was a girl, I thought I was religious; I used to love God and prayer. Now, Im a lost soul, pursued by devils that torment me day and night; they keep pushing me on and onand Ill do it, too, some of these days! Ill send him where he belongs,a short way, too,one of these nights, if they burn me alive for it!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 34Youre afraid of me, Simon, and youve reason to be. But be careful, for Ive got the devil in me!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 35How long Tom lay there, he knew not. When he came to himself, the fire was gone out, his clothes were wet with the chill and drenching dews; but the dread soul-crisis was past, and, in the joy that filled him, he no longer felt hunger, cold, degradation, disappointment, wretchedness.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 38From his deepest soul, he that hour loosed and parted from every hope in the life that now is, and offered his own will an unquestioning sacrifice to the Infi nite. Tom looked up to the silent, ever-living stars,types of the angelic hosts who ever look down on man; and the solitude of the night rung with the triumphant words of a hymn, which he had sung often in happier days, but never with such feeling as now.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 38 No, time was when I would, but the Lords given me a work among these yer poor souls, and Ill stay with em and bear my cross with em till the end. Its different with you; its a snare to you,its more n you can stand,and youd better go if you can.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 38Hark e, Tom!ye think, cause Ive let you off before, I dont mean what I say; but, this time, Ive made up my mind, and counted the cost. Youve always stood it out again me: now, Ill conquer ye, or kill ye!one or t other. Ill count every drop of blood there is in you, and take em, one by one, till ye give up!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40Masr, if you was sick, or in trouble, or dying, and I could save ye, Id give ye my hearts blood; and, if taking every drop of blood in this poor old body would save your precious soul, Id give em freely, as the Lord gave his for me. O, Masr! dont bring this great sin on your soul! It will hurt you more thant will me! Do the worst you can, my troub lesll be over soon; but, if ye dont repent, yours wont never end!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40 There ant no more ye can do! I forgive ye, with all my soul!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40Do tell us who is Jesus anyhow? Jesus, thats been a standin by you so, all this night!Who is he?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40Dont call me poor fellow! I have been poor fellow; but thats all past and gone, now. Im right in the door, going into glory! O, Masr George! Heaven has come! Ive got the victory!the Lord Jesus has given it to me! Glory be to His name!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 41I dont sell dead niggers. You are welcome to bury him where and when you like.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 41Witness, eternal God! Oh, witness, that, from this hour, I will do what one man can to drive out this curse of slavery from my land!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 41It was on his grave, my friends, that I resolved, before God, that I would never own another slave, while it is possible to free him; that nobody, throug h me, should ever run the risk of being parted from home and friends, and dying on a lonely plantation, as he died. So, when you rejoice in your freedom, think that you owe it to the good old soul, and pay it back in kindness to his wife and children. Think of your freedom, every time you see UNCLE TOMS CABIN; and let it be a memorial to put you all in mind to follow in his steps, and be as honest and faithful and Christian as he was.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 44 A day of grace is yet held out to us. Both North and South have been guilty before God; and the Christian church has a heavy account to answer. Not by combining together, to protect injustice and cruelty, and making a common capital of sin, is this Union to be saved,but by repentance, justice and mercy; for, not surer is the eternal law by which the millstone sinks in the ocean, than that stronger law, by which injustice and cruelty shall bring on nations the wrath of Almighty God!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 45

Heroes and Intellectuals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heroes and Intellectuals - Essay Example That is a question that haunts us all at some point in our lives. â€Å"Weve all got both light and dark inside us. What matters is the part we choose to act on. Thats who we really are.† (Rowling, n.d.) Those who choose the light are expected to fight for it at all times. However, is being a hero an obligation? It is really a choice. In essence, evil, obligation and heroism are separable in various circumstances and this explains the belief that no one has the obligation to fight evil whereas he/she puts the lives of the loved one in danger. This essay seeks to dissect various aspects relative to evil, obligation and intellectuality. The word evil is associated with all sorts of bad things which may endanger the lives of people in a society. The question as to whether some people who have the ability to fight evil can do so even if the lives of their loved ones is in danger is debatable. Whereas I agree that, those with ability in political, religious or economic arenas to fight evil for the sake of the numerous lives of the other members of the society other philosophers such as Rousseau (1999), argues that there should be values attributed to any kind of heroism. Rousseau (1999) asserts that heroism requires recognition of values and a cognitive decision to undertake the top most risk in the fight for the attainment or defense of such values. This explains that despite that fact that heroism can be attributed to an element of choice, the fundamentals includes cognizance of the values and the greatness of the danger. This belief can be counter argued that heroism can be justified not only by choice by necessity . For instance, if only one option to save a life exists then this is attributed to personal sacrifice. In cases where personal sacrifice is foremost and the only way, then there is no aspect of choice in this situation. This explanation disqualifies the belief that heroism is by choice, because there is a possibility of making a choice not to save